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1. Dealing with Crowd Abuse. All these articles are by Simon Snartt 2. The Journey and Expectations of a Contributory Ref. 3. The Dreaded Electronic Boards. 6. Contributory Team-Work at Level 3 7. Expectations at Contributory Level 3 9. The Level 3 Contributory Referee Marking System in England. All of the articles on this 'Articles 5' page have been kindly provided by Simon Snartt and gives an excellent insight into being a Level 3 Referee in England. |
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Simon Snartt is 36, married to Mary with two sons Alex (8) and
Daniel (6), and works as a Local Government Officer with the South
Gloucestershire Council.
Simon qualified as a referee in 1994. He climbed the promotion
ladder via the Bristol and Suburban League to Class 1 and then onto the
Gloucestershire County league. By 1996. Simon was promoted to the Western League
Referees’ List in 1998, and the National List of Assistant Referees for Season
1999/2000. Simon is currently a Level 3 referee, Gloucestershire FA fitness
Co-ordinator and Contributory League Match Officials Liaison Officer for the
South West.
1. Dealing With Crowd Abuse Take me back to the top of this page
Referees at all levels, deal with constant abuse from players, club officials and supporters. That is a fact of life - sad but true. It also goes without saying, that the higher the level of competition, the higher the stakes are, and the higher the level of expectation. Therefore, the level of abuse that you take as a match official increases accordingly.
No matter how good your training officer has prepared you (and I was privileged to have been taught by one of the very best) nothing can make you ready for the 'stick' that you take as referee. It is a sad fact, that many newly qualified officials don’t last more than a few weeks because of the attitude of players. Those that do last, and rise above level 8, are then subject to receipt of Supply League appointments as Assistant Referees. The pressure here at the higher level, also leads to further resignations from our ranks. Those that can handle it, and are lucky to be promoted, move on to make level 4, and become Supply League referees and Contributory Assistants - where they are subject to new and increasing levels of comment and abuse.
Many thousands of words have been written, as to why people referee; many more, as to what makes a good referee. It is often a question I am asked by those outside of our refereeing family:
"Snartty, why do bother? How do you put up with it?"
I am not alone or unique. I am doing what hundreds of my colleagues do every week to the best of their ability. Many to a far higher standard than I. All do it for various reasons - yet we all put up with the 'stick'.
It would be great, to be able to report the supporters of…XXXXX Premiership side,
for continued chanting of …. "The referee's a merchant banker!" when the 'stone wall' penalty is not awarded for their darling boys in blue/ red/ purple etc.
But I am not aware when it became socially acceptable, for this type of behaviour to become accepted practice at even County League games. But accepted it is - all the way down to the local park's league Division 6.
Football is a passionate game. The late Bill Shakley summed it up:
"It is not a matter of life and death, it is far more important than that".
Considering the recent tragic death of Jimmy Davis, I would like to think that Bill's famous quote above, was said somewhat tongue-in-cheek. Sadly to some, this famous quote is taken literally. The same sad mentality that drives supporters at international matches to jeer opposing anthems, motivates them to abuse match officials. The Press, and the TV pundits who through shear ignorance of the Laws and directives, do us (the officials) no favours by sometimes fuelling this situation further.
I would be a liar, if I said that the crowd abuse did not bother me, or that I do not hear it. Indeed, many would argue that with ears the size of mine - it would be impossible for me NOT to hear it! I would like to think that as time goes on, it bothers me less and less. It is true to say that 25,000 spectators, all chanting you in song that:
"You don’t know what you’re doing"……. "You don’t know what you’re doing"
……is probably easier to put up with, than the easily identifiable lone chap in the flat cap and the raincoat, giving you a mouthful from only 2 yards away behind the barrier. But they are all paying spectators. And as far as they are concerned, they are entitled to their point of view.
There are various types of "abuse" ranging from the witty, the knowledgeable, to the personal and the obnoxious. As a Referee, I have to accept that I will be the target for all three. Some of the comments are amusing in their originality and research. Even at my level, I have been amazed how some of the supporters even know what I do for a living. Coming off, at one snowbound ground for a half time cuppa - one supporter told me to:
"Stick with t’council, they need pen pushers there! "
Not bad as I was some 70 miles from home!
Other comments are yet more comical for their ignorance. I remember watching one away supporter turn purple with rage at the non-award of a free kick to his side. He almost turned before my eyes into 'Yosemity Sam', jumping up and down on his cap, only to completely change when he saw the move culminate with a well-taken goal, courtesy of the advantage clause I had played for the original foul! In nearly every game, there are howls of derision that are received from supporters all around the ground for the close offside calls. These are always worth a wry smile, as the perpetrators are nearly always 40 yards away from you. Obviously having a better view than the Assistant Referee whom is dead-in-line with the offence!
There are however, many incidents that have nothing clever or comical in their origin that do cause concern. I was an Assistant Referee on a Football league game this season, where the Referee correctly sent the local hero from the field of play for an attempted head-butt. No complaints after the game. I was the non-active Assistant Referee. Having not witnessed the incident, I had no idea why the player was dismissed, until after the game. I suggest this is the same for all the spectators behind me. Did this stop the tirade of graphic, personal abuse, or cries of "cheat" that echoed round the stadium for the next ten minutes? No. The Referee simply got on with the game; the cries died down; and by the end of the game, the crowd had reverted to watching the football. The incident itself occurred just after half time, which may have helped reduce the abuse potential as we left the field of play together. But the Referee just kept on performing. I am willing to bet, that he was unaware of the abuse because he remained focused on the game. Under the same stress during my matches, I also try and remain fully focused on my game.
In one of my recent games, I turned down a penalty to the 'Away' side (right under the noses of their supporters). A 'Home' team defender involved in the move became injured, so I had to go into the goal area to supervise the treatment of the injury - thus ensuring that the treatment complied with the FA guidelines. By doing so, I was well aware that I was going to be the subject of some vitreous comments from the disappointed spectators who were no more than 5 yards away. I could see their angry faces and gesticulations out of the corner of my eye. I was aware that none of them were inviting me for a pint after the game. My sole purpose for being in that position, was not to look for confrontation or pass some witty response, but to ensure the injured player was properly assessed, and removed from the field of play prior to any treatment. When this was achieved, I backed away, and play restarted with a goal kick.
The important factor was that I gave the perpetrators nothing to go on, I made no eye contact, I remained focused, and showed a positive body language at all times. I had made my decision - no foul and that was it! I can’t say it was a pleasant experience, but I can say, that whilst I was aware of the general discord from the Away support, I was not aware of any single remark. I like to think that my strong character, experience and confidence saw me through.
Recently, I had the privilege of attending the Wales v Finland European Championship Qualifying game in the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, with my guest - a Football League Referee. Having forced a series of corners, the game finished with Wales on the attack. The final whistle blew, with Wales poised to take another corner. As we left the Stadium, two of the spectators were in deep discussion. There was a big debate between the two of them, and they concluded that the referee was wrong - as the ball had to be in play in order for the final whistle to be blown. It was probably just as well that they were behind us, as we had to stifle the sniggers. My mind went back to another era - the FIFA World Cup, 1978 in Argentina……
These similar little incidents will keep me smiling even in the most tense situations ..
Click for image for
larger picture of Simon in action at one of his games.
2. The Journey and Expectations of a Contributory Ref. Take me back to the top of this page
Simon Snartt gives 'The Corsham Referee' an insight into the mysterious world of the Level 3 Contributory League Referee in England………….
Click images to see full size picture.
| Moving from Level 4 to 3 -
what is required?
The ability to show that you have the qualities to make the grade as a Contributory League Referee and as an individual in your own right. The expectations upon referees at this level are much higher, both in terms of physically refereeing the games and knowledge of the directives from the 9 Contributory Leagues and the FA. You are entering into the field of semi-professional football, and will find yourself in control of matches featuring many ex-professional players. You will also find yourself Refereeing in front of much larger crowds than you have been used to previously. |
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| Level of Commitment:
Saturdays are now for football. Often, one night a week is also for
football. Keep a diary with you at all times, and don’t accept
appointments that you know you will not be able to fulfil. Close any dates
you are not available on.
Training: Pre-season with a dedicated bunch of referees from all levels, a varied amount of track and field running leading up to the multi-stage fitness test which has to be completed before the start of each season. During the season, three times a week, various tread mill sessions depending on when I have last refereed, and what my next appointment is - whether I am assistant, fourth official or referee. Prospects on getting to Level 2: All I can do, is referee to the best of my ability, the rest is out of my hands, but I would love a chance of a crack at the Panel. Difference in the quality and expectations
of players at Level 3. Contributory League football is a massive challenge and commitment. As Referee, you have to believe that you can cope with the various pressures and do the job. Concentration, physical fitness, team work and the ability to "sell" the decision, all form part of it - but above all, retention of a sense of humour at all times is a must! |
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| Teamwork
at Contributory League level:
On the Contributory system, the essential thing is that the match officials work as a team. Often, the referee has only the pre-match time to build up an understanding with his colleagues. Concise, well thought out, and delivered pre-match instructions is a must. All scenarios should be covered, so that no member of the team is left in any doubt of what is expected of him/her. Assistants should seek clarification of any matter upon which they are unsure. Both Referee and Assistants should enter the field of play knowing that each is prepared to give the other 100% in terms of commitment and concentration. By Simon Snartt Sept 03 |
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3. The Dreaded Electronic Boards Take me back to the top of this page
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Why are they used, and what are their benefits? The Electronic Board is primarily a communication aid for the time added on at the ends of each half, and for managing substitutions. They replaced the old card system when the squad-numbering situation came into the Premiership and Football league, and this season onto the Football Conference. Imagine trying to hold up the old style boards for a double substitution involving numbers 23 and 33! The benefit of the board is that it can be easily programmed and can cope easily with the double substitution situation. At what levels are they now used on? They are use on International, European Competition the Premiership, FA Cup at Round One and beyond; and the Football League and Football Conference levels. |
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How are they used during the substitution procedure?
The team requiring the substitution must hand you a completed sub card with the 'player on' and the 'player off' noted on it. After checking the ongoing player for no jewellery, correct under shorts and footwear, you programme the numbers into the board. Then you double-check with the team management that they still want the substitution to take place; advise them that it will be on their 'shout' when the ball is next out of play. If you can, advise the nearest Assistant Referee when the ball goes out, to buzz the referee who will stop the game. Hold the board up with the numbers showing, wait for the player substituted to leave the field of play, and then allow the ongoing substitute to enter 'dead-on' the halfway line.
What is the added on time procedure?
There are two methods of communicating the additional time. At 43 and 88 minutes, the referee advises you verbally or by signal, of the number of additional minutes required. You confirm back, or you advise the referee of your opinion - and he confirms back. Either way, at 45/90 minutes you hold up the appropriate number to all four corners of the ground - and pray that the PA man announces that: "There will be a minimum of x minutes added on".
What are my personal feelings on using them?
I have no problem with the electronic boards; the trick is to do things in your own time, rather than being rushed into a substitution by any one team. The only two major drawbacks are (a) during very bright afternoons when players/spectators cannot see the numbers, and (b) the dread "triple substitution" - as it only memorizes two sets of numbers at one go!
What training is provided?
The training is "on the job". The first time that I came across the 'Electronic Board' was as a Fourth Official on a Football League game. A quick explanation, and lesson from my colleagues - and I was ready to go! Believe me, they are not difficult to use providing you take care to programme in the correct numbers. The only two drawbacks are that they only " hold" the numbers for a maximum of two minutes. So if you are kept waiting, you have to be 'aware enough', to keep pressing the "go" button to ensure that you are not timed out… and there is no fall back system if it malfunctions.
What are the Level 3 fitness test requirements in
England?
From 2002/2003, to Referee at Level 3 and beyond, you must pass the same fitness test as the National List officials (apart from the 'Repeated Sprints Tests) and attain a Level 11 to pass. To measure stamina, two points are set 20 metres apart and you have to continually run at a predetermined speed from one to the other within a set series of rhythmic bleeps. The speed required between these two points increases every minute as you progress up through the levels. This is commonly know as the standard 'Bleep Test', and is used by other organisations such as the Police, when recruiting.
It is aimed to ensure that by the end of the test, you should reach a Maximum Oxygen Consumption Value of approximately 50ml./kg/min.
The National List officials (a step higher than Level 3) also have to take the following additional test. Following a 30 minute recovery period, they have to complete a 'Repeated Sprints Tests that measures speed off the mark and basic speed over a distance of 60 meters (repeated 6 times).
| The 60 metres is covered in sprints of 10m x 20m x 20m x 10m with 30 seconds recovery between each set of 60 metres. The test is done over a distance of two points that are 20 metres apart, where speed off the mark is measured through the changes in direction, and basic speed is measured by the time taken over the whole course. |
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The time allowed for each of the 6 complete (60m) circuit sprints is as follows:
sprint 1 14.7sec
sprint 2 14.8sec
sprint 3 14.9sec
sprint 4 15.0sec
sprint 5 15.1sec
sprint 6 15.2sec
It is permitted to have one sprint outside the target frame
For further details, see the Football Association (FA) 'Guide to Fitness for Referees' booklet pages 38 to 40 'Current Fitness Tests in Operation in England'.
Assistant Referees officiating at Contributory level, are expected to take the following fitness test:
The tests for those officials who are on the National List are run by the Professional Game Match Officials Limited (PGMOL). The tests for those officials at Contributory Level are organised by the Contributory Review Board (CRB). Officials are asked to choose from various set venues and dates. If you fail following two attempts, you are removed from the list. Both the PGMOL and the CRB reserve the right to recall any official at any time during the season for re-testing should they so choose.
What Training should you do?
As a Level 3 Referee, there is an expectation that you should be fit. The FA issue guidelines on the type of training sessions that you should be completing each week to ensure that you reach Level 11 of the 'Bleep' test. Each County FA has a fitness co-ordinator. To help Referees with their fitness, the FA has also produced excellent videos and booklets containing help and advice on diet, fitness and pre-match preparation. Many officials train alone, some in groups, some at the gym, some at their local swimming pool and some road-running. Whatever method you chose, the programme should be varied enough to keep you interested, and you must remain dedicated.
As the saying goes:
"Fail to prepare, prepare to fail".
There is nothing worse than having to retake a fitness test in the "last chance saloon". Having made the effort to get fit, it is essential that you maintain (or increase) your fitness level.
Assessors (who also comment on your fitness in their reports) cannot be fooled over the 90 minutes of your game if your fitness is not up to speed! You will be found out, as the game will run away from you. This in turn may effect you positioning and control. It could increase dissent because you are making decisions too far away from the play action. And may result in you being recalled to take a further fitness test in mid-season.
My Preparation for games?
If you attend any match at senior level, you will see the players undertake a comprehensive warm-up before each game. The match officials also do the same. Since these fitness regimes have become commonplace, the number of injuries amongst Referees has dramatically reduced. The method of warm-up varies from official to official. After the exchange of team-sheets, some twenty or so minutes before kick off, my routine is to go for a warm-up with the Assistant Referees. I complete a couple of gentle laps around the field of play, then a series of warm-up routines from the goal line to the 18 yard line which ensure that all the major muscles I use as a Referee are fully warmed up. After the game, I also warm-down to help loosen the muscles and prevent cramp on the journey back home in the car. I also, make sure that I have eaten the right foods [High fibre breakfast, bananas] and taken in plenty of water both prior, during and after the game.
My involvement?
I am fitness co-ordinator for the County of Gloucestershire. I am extremely lucky, in that I have the help of two dedicated fitness fanatics in the form of National List Referee Lee Probert and Contributory League Referee Andrew Newall. I co-ordinate the fitness sessions by booking the running track at the Yate Outdoor Leisure Centre, and then invite colleagues along. Lee and Andy run the sessions. The sessions are as varied as they are exhausting! Work is undertaken on endurance, sprinting and flexibility. The latter has seen some remarkable improvements amongst officials over the past few seasons. Officials also have the opportunity to discuss match issues and exchange ideas on refereeing whilst keeping fit - and all Levels of Referees attend the sessions.
A very strong bond has grown between those Gloucestershire Football Association officials that have attend the sessions on a regular basis. It is testimony to the hard work put in by the "trainers" and by those attending the sessions, that in the two years that I have been the FA County fitness co-ordinator in Gloucestershire, nobody that has attended our sessions has ever failed a fitness test.
In addition to this, I also promote fitness and health issues at the lower levels, and have spoken at schools and several of the local Referees' Societies to promote fitness amongst all Referees. It is my aim, to ensure that anyone with ambitions to climb the Refereeing ladder in my County, should not reach Level 4, and suddenly realise too late, that they have to complete 2700 metres in 12 minutes if they wish to be promoted to a Contributory Assistant Referees' List. This would be a nasty shock for them. Fitness education for my County's future Referees, is as much on integral part of my role, as is helping colleagues prepare themselves for the start of Level 9.
For further information about fitness, or to obtain the FA Fitness materials mentioned in this article, please contact your local FA, your own County Fitness Co-ordinator, or your FA Referees' Regional Manger.
5.
The Fourth Official
Take
me back to the top of this page
Why are Fourth Officials now a necessary part of the top-level games?
Fourth Officials are a vital part of the Match Officials' Team during top-level games. Not only does the Fourth Official provide back-up in the form of a replacement should one of the team suffer an injury but he/she has the sole responsibility of controlling the technical areas.
In Football League Games there are often 22 people occupying the two technical areas. This is no mean feat for a single person to control, considering that the Referee and his two assistants between them, share control the other twenty two people on the field of play.
What are the main duties of a Fourth Official?
Ensuring that the occupants of the technical areas comply with the competition directives, with reference to the number of people who can stand and coach: Controlling the substitutions and notifying the spectators of the additional time that is to be added on at the end of each half.
What commitment is expected?
Total commitment is expected. As Fourth Official, you are as much a part of the "Refereeing " Team as if you were the Referee or one of the Assistant Referees. Although to the untrained eye, the Fourth Official may look as if he or she is simply watching the game, their busy role is vital, and if done well, it contributes to the smooth running of the game.
What training is provided?
Sadly, very little formal Fourth Official training is provided. Of course, the Referee during his pre-match instructions will cover what is expected of you in some detail. The main aim is to ensure that the League Rules and Directives are complied with in a friendly way, without having to resort to over-authoritative "micro-management" of the technical area occupants. On occasions, if people overstep the mark, then you must have the courage to do the job properly - and have the offenders removed from the technical area by the Referee when required.
What personality strengths are required?
The ability to be proactive rather than re-active. I always 'set my stall out' before the game starts, by politely asking the technical area occupants to work with me. I try to let them Manage / Coach their teams without interfering with their job. But I am mindful that they should not be seen to constantly transgress the Laws of the Game or any Directives. Foul language is a tricky one. If it is voiced in passion, then I try and wait for the moment to pass and than give the perpetrator a firm word of friendly advice. If it is frustration, then once again I will try and man-manage the situation. If the unwanted language is premeditated or is completely 'over the top', then it is my responsibility to call the Referee over and discuss the immediate removal of the offender from the technical area.
A sense of humour is vital; as is the ability to 'talk to', rather than 'at' people. As Fourth Official, I always remind passionate managers that no matter how much I might sympathise with them over a decision, I cannot change what has been done.
6. Contributory Team-Work at Level 3 Take me back to the top of this page
| The 'Team' is born before the
game!
The FA appointment officers Dave Cook in the South, and John Jones in the North, create the 'Team'. These two gentlemen appoint officials to the nine Contributory Leagues in England. Match officials are advised whether "joint travel" is mandatory, by an asterisk placed alongside in the appointment bulletin. It is the referee's responsibility to contact the Assistant Referees and to make the necessary travel arrangements - either indicating a mutual pick-up point, or asking the two Assistant Referees to travel to the game together. |
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A smart jacket, shirt and tie is the mandatory dress code, as is the referees' kit, which is illustrated in the picture. The home club, who is obliged to write to the officials prior to each game, notifies the kick-off time and the whereabouts of the ground.
Arriving at the Ground?
Competition rules dictate that the minimum reporting time is one hour prior to kick-off. Officials meet and greet each other; complete the match expenses card [Referee £30 Assistant Referee £15, mileage at 22p per mile]; listen to any security briefing; and make themselves available at the exchange of Team Sheets which takes place a minimum of 30 minutes prior to the kick-off.
Mr Assessor?
At Level 3, there is every chance of being assessed. The FA rules do not allow the assessor to be present at the pre-match instructions, so the first contact will be 15 minutes after the end of the game, when the assessor introduces himself, and conducts his de-brief with you. One copy of the completed assessment report will go to the FA, the other direct to the match officials. To receive a copy of the assessment, officials are required to hand over a stamped-addressed envelope to the assessor!
The Game?
The word 'Team' is paramount. When the referee gives his pre-match instructions to his Assistant Referees, he should be sure that everyone is 100% confidant in knowing what their responsibilities are. The referee should take the lead, but must ensure that the Assistant Referees assist him, as and when required. The referee 'Team' should enter the field of play, and make their way to the centre circle as a unit. The Assistant Referees then break away to check the nets and are subsequently introduced by name to both of the captains. Half-time 'Team' discussion should be full and frank. At the end of the game, all of the three-match officials should leave the field of play together as a 'Team'.
After the Game:
There are various forms for the referee to complete. The match report (of which there are three copies) details the score and any disciplinary action taken. Both of the football club team representatives are handed one copy each. The referee retains the third copy, which is later posted to the relevant League Secretary. The Home team-sheet is sent to the FA by the Referee, annotated with the score and the Referees mark on the performance of the two Assistant Referees. Depending on the competition rules, the match officials are offered hospitality by the Home club. This is either in the club bar or the boardroom. Refereeing at this level takes up most of your Saturday and is a demanding test of physical and mental ability. The rewards in terms of satisfaction and the chance to progress up the ladder far outweigh the sacrifices that you have to make.
7. Expectations at Contributory Level 3 Take me back to the top of this page
(By Level 3 Contributory Referee Simon Snartt: November 2003)
Even before you get to the ground!
Promotion to Level 4 brings the added responsibilities of Refereeing at Supply League level, as well as officiating as an Assistant Referee in Contributory games. Pre-match instructions are vital in both of these levels. As a Level 3 Referee, delivering the pre-match build-up begins long before the game itself; commencing with the initial telephone call to make contact with your Assistant Referees. This should always be done a week before the game. Ensure that your colleagues are aware of the expected dress code, kit requirements [County Badge for County or FA Cup Competitions FAMOA Badge for the Contributory Competitions], and check their awareness of the competition rules: extra time, penalties, numbers allowed in the technical area etc.
Pre-match build-up begins long before the game itself.
When you meet up?
Travelling to the game with your colleagues presents the opportunity for the Referee to "sell yourself as an individual" and to begin building the 'team spirit' that is essential at this level. Always enquire how your Assistant Referees' season is going; share your knowledge of the teams that they have officiated, and discuss experiences gleaned at their level. Use this valuable travelling time to build team-confidence, so that by the time you reach your destination, you will all have a belief in each other. The aim is, for each of you to play your part in making the afternoon an enjoyable experience. By the time that you leave the car, your Assistant Referees will know that you (the Referee) will always support them.
The Pre-Match Brief?
Well thought out, concise and structured pre-match instructions are vital. At this level, as well as the game itself, there are also the added responsibilities of; the exchange of Team Sheets, the pre-match warm-up, players' equipment checks [jewellery / under shorts, boots etc.], security briefings, tossing of the coin. Further to this, you are expected to participate in pre-match photographs. Then there is the post-match paperwork and obligatory visit to the boardroom - these all need to be considered and completed in a professional way.
You can rely on each other for total backing throughout.
Half Time?
This 10 vital minutes of 'thinking time' is used to check the progress of the game with your Assistants Referees. By this stage, the team-spirit that you have been building upon all week, should enable a frank and open, two-way analysis, enabling the Assistant Referees to advise you in a positive way, on any aspect of your performance. Likewise, you (the Referee) can pass similar constructive feedback to the Assistant Referees, with the ultimate aim of improving match control. For example - if you anticipate trouble early in the second half, and you need to 'reign in' the game, here is the chance to discuss how you will do this as a team. Thus ensuring that you are all operating at a similar tolerance level, and from the same crib-sheet!
Honesty is the key.
Wash-up?
When the game has finished, and in the sanctity of the changing rooms, honest feedback should always be encouraged from each other. If any advice is to be offered, it must be done in a constructive way. Listen to any pointers from the Assessor, and ask your Assistant Referees for feedback on your pre-match instructions, and half-time discussions. Open debate, without fear of embarrassment, or hurting a colleague's feelings if something has not quite worked out during the match, is the best way for all of you to build on your instructions for your next game.
Process:
Your pre-match instructions should be well thought out and clearly delivered. They should last no longer than 5 to 10 minutes. There is no need to labour on the obvious, especially if there are mandatory instructions to be issued. A bullet-point list is a useful prompt to aid you in delivery if necessary. This should be constructed to allow time for questions at the end. Use a system that you are comfortable with and that suits you.
For example; Entrance onto the field of play, patrol path, off-side, throw-ins, goal kicks, free kicks, penalty kicks, dissent, technical areas / substitutions, mass confrontations, time and match record keeping etc.
It is important to deliver your structured pre-match brief in good time before the kick-off, thus avoiding being disturbed with the unexpected entrance of the team sheets. Both Assistant Referees must be made aware of their responsibilities, and encouraged to query any misunderstandings (no matter how small or irrelevant) prior to kick-off. As a Referee, the Assistant Referees must also know which parts of the game that you alone will take responsibility for. For example; awarding advantage, or the timing of the goalkeepers' 6-second possession rule. Astute Referees will always seek advice from their Assistant Referees, on any "local knowledge" with reference to players involved / ground conditions etc. At the end of the pre-match brief, there should be no doubt remaining that you are all going out to enjoy the match experience. And that you can rely on each other for total backing throughout.
When you arrive at the ground:
The phrase ‘flash points’ instantly conjures up the words ‘proactive’
and ‘alert’. Clubs at Contributory level expect the Refereeing team to
perform professionally from the moment they arrive at the ground. They also
expect total neutrality at all times. As a Referee, you are creating an
impression from the very first moment that you arrive. Minimising ’flash
points’ begins here, before the game even starts. You can increase your
standing by being polite and friendly towards both sets of the opposing club
officials and players. If you spot a potential problem, then be proactive and
highlight it early. For example — why wait until the team sheet exchange to
sort out potential colour clashes?
Early Interaction:
Players are normally tense in the moments leading up to the kick off. This is the time for the Refereeing team to gauge the ‘temperature’, and to start taking early control. Time your entry onto the field of play so that you do not have to wait around. Kicking off too early (or even late) will have a negative effect on someone in the ground. It might be the manager entering the technical area slightly late, or it might be the announcer in the office. Both have a job to do. And yours is to ensure a timely kick-off that dovetails into everything else that is going on around you. Ensure that your Assistant Referees know what the substitution procedure is, and who controls the spare match balls. By making early, polite contact with the occupants of the technical area, your Assistants will begin to forge a friendly communication link, that hopefully, will be reciprocated as the game progresses.
During the game:
There are numerous potential flash points that could occur in any game - bad challenges, injuries, mass confrontations etc. If, and when these occur, the Refereeing team need to be prepared to react together instantly - each knowing what is expected of the other. The team needs to be, strong and able to apply the Laws in a non-officious manner. If a player commits a cautionable offence, the Referee must deal him with in a calm and dignified manner. The player should be isolated from the area of the offence; meet him halfway. Once you have isolated the player, it is important that you do not let him dictate the proceedings. Inform him that he is being cautioned, and explain the reason why. Note down the details of the offence, look the player in the eye, and show the card in a dignified manner as he faces towards you. Allow players a reasonable time to regain their position, prior to restarting play'.
"…apply the Law in the same dignified manner that you
would do
when awarding a throw-in".
Injuries should be dealt with in a firm but fair manner. Show due concern, and ensure that the player is treated within the Law directives. Do not rush the trainer/physio, but at the same time, try and manage situations when excessive treatment is being applied to minor injuries. If a player is able to make his way to the touchline, you can ask the trainer/physio if further treatment can be continued there.
Should a mass confrontation occur, be confident in knowing that your Assistant Referees have been given implicit instructions by you in your pre-match brief, on what their responsibility are. Do not attempt to enter the confrontation to separate the perpetrators, but stand back and keep your eyes peeled! When the storm has abated, consult with your Assistant Referees, and apply the Law in the same dignified manner that you would do when awarding a throw-in! Easier said than done, but do not allow anyone to think that you are under pressure. If the technical area occupants become involved, a polite, but stern word from you (the Referee or the Assistant Referee) at the first outburst, is a useful method to quell a potential uprising from that quarter. This is much better than having to later remove one of the occupants for a more serious offence. Often, preventative Refereeing will defuse situations. Talk to players, make them aware that you saw the minor offence, and encourage players not to react. Let them know that you were only five metres away from the offence.
Finally, when a team takes the ball to the corner flag to kill time - be in close proximity, and instantly ready to stop play for the most minute offence. This way, you actively protect the players from themselves.
Nobody remembers the 'dodgy' free kick you awarded in the corner; but everyone will remember a five-man melee, resulting from players taking out their frustrations on each other!
"You might appreciate the gesture when it is your turn in the middle".
Half-time?:
Immediately following the end of the first half, is a high potential flash point period. Ensure that both you and your Assistant Referees join each other as a team as soon as possible after the whistle has gone. This creates greater protection in numbers, and more witnesses should confrontation arise. An isolated official is an easy target - but three together will make players think twice before misbehaving. This is why it is very important for Assistant Referees to make their way towards the Referee as quickly as they can at the end of each half. Don't just walk there - sprint!. You might appreciate the gesture when it is your turn in the middle!
It is best to wait until all of the players have left the field of play before making your exit as a team. If irate players or managers approach you, avoid any public 'slanging match'. To control extreme provocation, consider inviting one representative into your dressing room. Here you can explain the decision, setting out clear ground rules that there will be an explanation, but no debate.
Use the halftime interval to 'talk things through' with your Assistant Referees. Encourage feedback, and discuss potential flash point areas that may occur in the second half (and how to manage them). Or better still, how you can prevent them. Nobody Referees at this level on their own.
Be vigilant after you have rung the bell. To prevent problems, I always stand outside the match officials' room so those players returning onto the field after the half time interval are aware of my presence. Ensure that both of the teams have returned onto the playing area before you and your Assistant Referees re-enter as a team.
End of the game?
Once again, ensure that both you and your Assistant Referees join each other as a team as soon as possible after the final whistle has gone. I try to ensure that we, as a team, are last off the field. Always offer anyone that approaches you, a friendly handshake, but please do not go looking for them!
Players who advance towards you whilst showing dissent by word or action, should be firmly told that they are entitled to talk, but that if they persist in showing dissent, they will end up causing themselves a problem. Any manger is welcome into the dressing room, providing he remains polite and is prepared to enter into reasoned debate. Anything beyond this will not be tolerated and he can be asked to leave.
Your changing room is under your total control, and you should expel any unwanted intruders.
Assessors should be welcomed, to give their de-brief, and to seek clarification as necessary. There is no benefit in trying to either argue, or to 'bamboozle' an Assessor. They are there to help you. They are not there to argue with you or to confuse you. Competition directives at Contributory level state that hospitality should be accepted as a team. It is therefore polite to accept any invitation, unless there is a pressing need not to. Drinks in the Board Room, can very often be a good place to pour the final waters onto any match 'flash point' cinders that may be smouldering in the minds of the Club officials.
But if individuals become irate, or make life uncomfortable for any member of the Refereeing team, you have the right to make excuses and leave earlier, rather than continue any heated debate. This way, you can prevent any extra final flash point!
"Nobody Referees at this level on their own".
Evaluation:
No matter how proactive and efficient the Refereeing team is, or how well a game is progressing, FLASH POINTS WILL OCCUR. In fact, the most difficult instances occur when they are east expected. The intention of both players and Referees is to enjoy the game. Nobody sets out looking to create flash points - but when they do arise, you should be courageous enough to do the job expected of you, apply the Laws properly - yet remain calm and in control at all times.
Each game is different, and you can learn something every time you are faced with a flash point situation. No matter how torrid a situation is, or when it all appears to be going wrong - experience will make you more efficient in handling these occurrences in future games.
9. The Level 3 Contributory Referee Marking System in England.
(By Level 3 Contributory Referee Simon Snartt: January 2004)
The System:
When a Level 3 Referee officiates at a Contributory level match, both of the contesting football clubs has to provide a numerical indication of a Referee's performance on the field of play out of a score of 100. These are forwarded to the Football Association (FA) and are based on FA guidelines issued to clubs at the start of the season. The marks - in conjunction with any assessor's mark at the game - are the measurements used at the end of the marking year (end of February each year) for assessing a Referee's suitability for promotion to the National List of Assistant Referees or the Panel Referees List where appropriate.
The FA monitors the marking process by keeping a close eye on proceedings.
For example: A Referee at the top of the marking Bandings, should be there on
merit, and not because they have "Refereed for marks". Conversely a
Referee in the bottom Banding, could be the result of inaccurate low club marks
that do not conform to the FA marking guidelines.
Assessors:
Assessors are appointed by the Contributory League Assessment co-ordinator Jim Hill.
Referees are watched to ensure that they are applying Law correctly, and given advice on performance.
The Assessor will complete a written appraisal of a Referee's performance on the field of play, and award a mark out of 100.
Constructive feedback is encouraged via a two-way dialogue between the Referee and the Assessor. In the current climate, assessors do not make contact with the Referee prior to the kick off. A Referee who finds themselves in the bottom Banding, are given every encouragement and advice by Assessors, to improve their performance up the marking scale.
Club Marks:
The football clubs involved, are required to submit their mark (which is part of their Team Sheet') to the FA within 48 hours of the completion of each match. They have to submit a written report where the performance is marked less than 60. Currently, each club can decide on an individual basis, who will be allocated the task of marking the Referee. Therefore, there is no guarantee that it will be the Club Secretary who decides upon the Referee's mark. In addition to providing a gauge for Referee promotion, the Club marks are placed on the Match Officials Administration System (MOAS) and are considered by the Contributory League appointments officers when allocating games to Referees.
Referees appearing in the higher end of this merit list may be offered more high profile games as part of their development up the promotion ladder. To ensure that the Club marks are accurate, Referees who are at the top and the bottom of the MOAS marking merit list are more likely to be assessed.
Promotion:
Along with an interview, advancement to (or demotion from) the National List of Assistant Referees and the Panel List of Referees is primarily based on the Club and the Assessment marks.
The End of the Season:
Banding letters are issued both in November and at the end of the season. There are two marking bands given - Club marks, and marks awarded by the Assessors. In theory, the two marks should be similar. In extreme cases, Referees who are concerned about their markings can request feedback from the FA appointment officers. Help and advice is also available from other quarters. For example - senior colleagues, or Contributory Liaison officers.
Tips and Problems?
Referees are encouraged to "believe in the system". It is the system that places them where they are.
Refereeing is all about confidence, correct application of the Law, being smart (yet approachable) - and knowing when to draw the line.
"If you believe; you will achieve".
The Referee's individual mark relies not only on individual performance, but also on the ability to lead the officiating team. It is therefore essential that the Assistant Referees feel part of the team. They should know what is required of them prior to leaving the dressing room. A Referee cannot achieve a high mark on his/her own.
If a player needs to be sent off for an act of violent conduct (even if it is in the last minute) then the player has to go - regardless of the effect that a Referee may think it will have on the lowering of the performance marks. Finally, one Golden Rule. "Never referee for "marks".
Commitment:
There is no simple "magic secret" of how to move up to the next promotion level. But the following advice will go along way. Each match must be refereed consistently in accordance with the needs of that particular match. And within the Laws of the Game.
Fitness is fastness!
Deal with each club in a professional way that becomes your vocation. Focus throughout each game. Confidently be yourself and not what 'you think' the Assessor or the Club marker wants you to be. Enjoy your football. Listen to offered constructive advice from the Assessor or senior colleagues. Try out their suggestions. If it works for your game then carry on, if it does not, then try something else.
There is not a Referee on this earth (Pierluigi Collina downwards) that believes they cannot improve on their performance.
The
Difference:
The
following adage describes a Referee's whistle perfectly.
“You
never get a second chance to make a first impression”.
When you
summon the team captains to the centre circle, the initial blast
of your whistle, is the earliest communication that players and spectators will
hear from you. Blow it loud, proud and strong, even if your knees are knocking;
because this is the first chance you have, to project your professionalism, and
to demonstrate your commitment. At
Level 3 and above, you will be dealing with larger capacity stadia (with the
possible exception of those in the Combined Counties League). It is therefore imperative, that you have the best tool for
the job. My personal choice is the Fox 40 whistle. Some mischievously say, that
it is very like my character - "very loud, but does the job!"
Use a
whistle that suits you, and suits each environment.
Players
Expectations:
A Level 3
Referee officiates in a semi-professional environment, and as such, the players
will demand (and expect) a very high level performance from the match officials.
At this level, players are very adept at recognising any weaknesses that can be
taken advantage of, in a less astute Referee. Your whistle (and its varied
“tones”), in conjunction with your oral instructions, combines to form a
very strong communication vehicle. It
is strange to think that a small piece of plastic with a hole in it, can wield
so much power over 22 athletic competitors.
Clear
sharp blasts of your whistle, will project a brisk confident approach.
Imagine
for just a moment, that the players have become temporarily blind…………
Your whistle signals should now be made in such a way, that even if players
cannot see the incident, they would be able to recognise the type (and
seriousness) of each different offence that is committed. Clear sharp blasts of
your whistle, will project a brisk confident approach. The more serious that an
offence is, the louder and longer the blasts on the whistle should be.
A few short whistle blasts aimed towards a defender who is encroaching
along the touchline whilst taking a throw-in, lets everyone know that he has
gone far enough.
A medium
length whistle blast, to indicate offside, is different again; as is the
whistle's “warning “ tone used when stopping play for a free kick.
The
mechanics:
To minimise
potential whistle malfunction, I personally carry two black whistles attached on
a single wrist lanyard. It may be
prudent to carry whistles of varying tones, as this will allow you to adjust
should you need to. In order not to
draw unnecessary attention to myself, I do not recommend the use of coloured
whistles. The modern red (or
yellow) whistles can easily be mistaken for a flash of the red/yellow card.
And even the slightest hint of these vibrant colours, can be enough to
give an irate player the wrong message. Black
or silver whistles are my preference - any other colour, is a little too eye
catching for my liking!
Further
Considerations:
To guard
against blisters/-chapped lips, try using copious amounts of petroleum jelly;
and carefully wash your whistles with warm soapy water after each game.
Whichever method you use, (the Collina unattached whistle; wrist lanyard,
or the finger-attached whistle method), use a system that suits you. It is
personal choice. Familiarity will increase your confidence, and allow you to
deliver your whistle blasts with the minimum of delay.
When
all else fails, the whistle is a very effective deterrent.
Communication?
Because of
the greater experience of the players at this level, the basic restarts (e.g.
corner kick, goal kick, throw-in, free kick (other than ceremonial), invariably
require no whistle signal; players will simple get on with it. By keeping whistle signals to a minimum, it adds emphasis to
those occasions when the whistle "is" needed.
An astute Referee will know when to use the whistle as a tool, and when
to refrain from using it. Thus ensuring that the game is kept moving as much as
possible.
An
astute Referee will know when to use the whistle as a tool
Examples
of Whistle Power!
