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Law 6 The Assistant Referee 

The aim of this page is to stress the importance of the Referee recognising and managing the role of the Assistant Referees - and the responsibilities of the Assistant Referees themselves.

1. WHAT LAW 6 SAYS:                         Go to top of this page

Duties:

Two Assistant Referees are appointed whose duties, subject to the decision of the Referee, are to indicate:

• when the whole of the ball has passed out of the field of play
  
• which side is entitled to a corner kick, goal kick or throw-in
  
• when a player may be penalised for being in an offside position
  
• when a substitution is requested
  
• when misconduct or any other incident has occurred out of the view of the Referee
  
• when offences have been committed whenever the Assistants are closer to the action than the Referee (this includes, in particular circumstances, offences committed in the penalty area)
  
• whether, at penalty kicks, the goalkeeper has moved forward before the ball has been kicked and if the ball has crossed the line

Assistance: The Assistant Referees also assist the Referee to control the match in accordance with the Laws of the Game. In particular, they may enter the field of play to help control the 10 yard (9.15m) distance. In the event of undue interference or improper conduct, the Referee will relieve an Assistant Referee of his duties and make a report to the appropriate authorities.

2. ASSISTANT REFEREES DUTIES.                   Go to top of this page

DUTIES

To assist and not to insist.

Two Assistant Referees are appointed whose duties, subject to the decision of the Referee, are to indicate: 

• when the whole of the ball has passed out of the field of play.
  The whole of the ball must be completely over the boundary line, either on the ground or in the air. The Assistant Referee indicates this, by raising his flag straight up, without waving it. (Click here for Law 9 - Ball In and Out of Pay).
• which side is entitled to a corner kick, goal kick or throw-in.
  The Referee will hopefully have briefed the Assistant Referees as to how he wishes corner kicks and goal kicks to be indicated. Assistant Referees can use a combination of both flag signals and/or body language to indicate to the Referee whether a goal kick or a corner-kick should be given (e.g. body language - facing sideways and towards the half-way line, with the flag down alongside the innermost leg, to indicate a goal-kick). Some Referees like to see a flag signal for goal kicks/corners, other Referees prefer Assistant Referees to use body language. Flag signalling is the modern method.  Click here for Referee Signals)
• when a player may be penalised for being in an off-side position - only if it is an offence, i.e. the offside player is involved with active play.
  Assistant Referees are normally given total responsibility for deciding when a player should be penalised for being in an offside position or not. The Referee will acknowledge the Assistant Referee with a raised arm/hand signal if he (the Referee) wishes to allow play to continue.
• when a substitute is requested. 
  The Senior Assistant Referee (or the Referee on the side where the technical areas are located) is responsible for indicating to the Referee when a team wish to make a substitution. The Assistant Referee is then responsible for noting the substitute's name/number, and organising when and where the substitute can enter the Field of Play (from the half-way line). The outgoing player must leave the field of play before the oncoming substitute can enter. Use your common sense on local pitches where substitutes can sometimes forget (or do not know) the proper procedure. A Fourth Official - if available -  will normally deal with substitutions.

Working with a Fourth Official:
If a team requests for a substitution to be made, the Fourth Official and the nearest Assistant Referee will work together to ensure that the substitution request is brought to the Referee's attention, and managed correctly. The Fourth Official will normally take charge of the actual substitution process. The Assistant Referee will indicate to the Referee by using his flag, that a substitution is required. 

• when misconduct or any other incident has occurred out of vision of the Referee. 
  The Assistant Referees' are the extra sets of 'eyes and ears' of the Referee. If an Assistant Referee sees a notable incident that the Referee has missed and needs to be made aware of, it is that Assistant Referee's responsibility to bring this to the attention of the Referee. The Referee, in conjunction with the Assistant Referee will then discuss the incident, enabling the Referee to take the appropriate action against the player, which could be for example: a strong talking to: a caution: or a sending-off - depending on the nature of the incident. 
  An Assistant Referee will need to complete a report of any misconduct if he is the main witness of an incident.
  Some County Football Associations also require the Assistant Referees to also complete and submit reports for all sending-off offences administered by the Referee.
• when offences have been committed whenever the assistants are closer to the action than the referee (this includes, in particular circumstances, offences committed in the penalty area) 
  The Assistant Referee, can also indicate fouls, the position of free-kicks, deliberate hand-balls, penalties and generally help to control the match, depending on the pre-match briefing instructions given to him by the Referee. The Assistant Referees' task is to help the Referee to control the match in accordance with the Laws of the Game. 
• whether, at penalty kicks, the goalkeeper has moved forward before the ball has been kicked and if the ball has crossed the line
  The Referee should have briefed the Assistant Referees prior to the game, to take up a specific position during penalties (normally) on the goal line, near to the goal post (where the goal area line intersects the goal line) to act as goal-judge, and to check that the goalkeeper does not move off his goal-line before the ball has been kicked. One method of communication is for the Assistant Referee to use body language by remaining perfectly still, if he (the Assistant Referee) has spotted an infringement during the taking of a penalty kick. This action indicates to the Referee that the Assistant Referee believes that the penalty should be retaken - and allows the Referee time to consult the Assistant Referee before allowing or disallowing a goal. Some Referees instruct their Assistants to raise their flag, if an infringement occurs at a penalty kick. If the Assistant Referee is happy that no infringement has occurred during the taking of the penalty kick, and the Referee is in agreement, the Assistant Referee should move quickly back to the touchline. 
  

The Penalty Kick Flag Signal: The penalty kick signal shown on the left is not an official FIFA signal, but nevertheless, has been used by Referees in England for some years. There has been a tendency recently at the top levels to NOT use this flag signal. Instead, if the Assistant Referee wants to signal for a penalty kick offence, he will raise his flag and wave it ‘to and fro’ to indicate a foul, and to attract the Referee’s attention. This allows the Referee to immediately award a penalty kick if he (the Referee) has also seen the penalty kick offence, or to stop play to discuss details with the Assistant Referee (if the Referee has missed the incident). In addition to this, some Referees ask their Assistant Referees during their pre-match brief, to raise and wave their flag, and then to discreetly step towards the goal line if they (the Assistant Referee) believe that a penalty kick offence has been committed. This is a subtle method of indicating to the Referee, that the Assistant Referee believes an incident in the penalty area was a penalty kick offence. BUT it also allows the Referee to make up his own mind, and subtly overrule the Assistant Referee, if he disagrees. It also allows the Referee time to go and speak to the Assistant Referee to clarify details before a final decision is made. If a foul occurs near (but outside of the penalty area) the Assistant Referee should indicate a foul by raising and waving his flag, and then (once he has caught the Referee's eye) take a few discrete steps towards the half-way line; thus indicating that the foul occurred outside (and not inside) of the penalty area. Using this body-language method can prevent a serious situation arising where the Assistant Referee signals for a penalty kick, but the Referee who has also seen the incident disagrees.

• whether, at penalty kicks, the goalkeeper has moved forward before the ball has been kicked and if the ball has crossed the line
  The Referee should have briefed the Assistant Referees prior to the game, to take up a specific position during penalties (normally) on the goal line, near the goal, to act as goal-judge, and to check that the goalkeeper does not move off his goal-line before the ball has been kicked. One method of communication, is for the Assistant Referee to use body language by remaining still, if he (the Assistant Referee) has spotted an infringement during the taking of a penalty kick. This action indicates to the Referee that the Assistant Referee believes that the penalty should be retaken - and allows the Referee time to consult the Assistant Referee before allowing or disallowing a goal. If the Assistant Referee is happy that no infringement has occurred during the taking of the penalty kick, and the Referee is in agreement, the Assistant Referee should move back to the touch-line. (See Section 7 below for more details.)
  
• Assistant Referees should liaise closely during the game, with the fourth official (if available).  
  If a team requests for a substitution to be made, the Fourth Official and the nearest Assistant Referee will work together to ensure that the substitution request is brought to the Referee's attention, and managed correctly. The fourth official will normally take charge of the actual substitution process.

4. TIPS TO CONSIDER:                    Go to top of this page

• Although you need to keep a close eye on play at all times whilst running, also to be aware of any pot-holes. It is very easy when running backwards or sideways to injure yourself. Therefore, before the game starts, inspect the touchline area thoroughly, so that you can mentally make adjustments to bypass any defects such as puddles, holes and slippery areas.
• At the lower level games, move any spectators away from the touchline if they are encroaching.
• When the speed of play allows, skip sideways to keep level with 2nd last defender, when watching for off-side. The ‘side-stepping’ manoeuvre used by Assistant Referees is a common method practised here in England. In fact. Phil Sharp (a respected FIFA Assistant Referee) has perfected this method, and can side-step faster than most Referees can run in a straight line! The idea of side-stepping (we call it ‘Crabbing’ here in England) is to allow the Assistant Referee to stay in line with the second last defender whilst facing the field of play. The ‘crabbing’ method is used to good effect when defenders and attackers are moving around at a slow to medium pace – but of course, when players speed up, the Assistant Referee will have to revert to straight sprinting to keep up with the second last defender. ‘Crabbing’ involves facing the field of play and side-stepping’ up and down along the touchline.
• Run backwards when you have to  - especially near the corner flag when there is a need to make eye contact with a Referee who is catching up with play.
• If there is even the remotest chance of a long ball remaining on the field of play, follow the ball all the way to the goal line. If it is obvious, that the ball is going out for a goal kick, then there is no need to break the World sprinting record to reach the far end of the touchline. Be sensible, and conserve your energy for when it is really needed.
• On corner kicks, Assistant Referees are usually asked by the Referee, to stand behind the corner flagpost. There was a time when during corner kicks taken on the far side to an Assistant Referee, they were asked to come in, along the goal line to act as goal judge, and then to run diagonally back across field of play to regain their touchline position if play continued after the corner kick had been taken. This method is generally no longer used.
• Make sure that any items carried in your pockets are secure, and do not 'jangle' about. This can be very distracting. Keeping your whistle and coin wrapped in a handkerchief will eliminate any distracting noise..
• Never run to collect the ball for players. Always keep your concentration on the game at all times. You are not a 'Ball-Boy'.
• Be prepared to intervene by entering the field of play to prevent trouble between players if at all possible.
• Completely ignore and jibes and comments from spectators.
• If necessary, come onto the field of play to enforce the 10 yard (9.15m) distance on free kicks near you.
• Before making an appropriate signal, Assistant Referees should move the flag from hand to hand when their arms were down before the signal is made, and not switch hands to indicate the free kick (or throw-in) direction when the flag is above their head. Another method that can be used during the throw-in flag signal, is to 'snap' the flag in the correct hand straight up vertically at first, thus indicating to the centre Referee that the ball has gone out of play (this also gives the Assistant Referee time to make eye contact with the centre Referee. And then bring it down on the correct side to a 45 degree angle, pointing towards the direction of play for the team which has the right to throw the ball back in. 
• There may be times when spectators make unwelcome comments. You should avoid even acknowledging that you have heard such comments, as this will probably provoke further comments, perhaps breaking your concentration. Undivided attention on what is going on in front of you is far more important than any unsolicited comments from behind you.
• There may be times in the game when the action will remain in the other half of the field of play. At these times your concentration must be at its most intense. Therefore you should be not only observing the action, but also scanning that part of the field of play for which you have a responsibility. 
• When it is necessary for you to raise the flag to draw the attention of the Referee to an infringement in
  law, the flag should remain raised until the Referee signals in acknowledgement. This acknowledgement will either take the form of the Referee penalising the offence by blowing the whistle or a hand signal to continue play. At this stage the flag should be lowered immediately. Should the Referee not see the signal, it must be maintained until he does, or the pattern of play changes and the offended side gains an advantage. However, if it was your intention to draw the attention of the Referee to a serious offence, the flag should be maintained until such time as the Referee acknowledges the signal. It may however, be necessary for you to advise the Referee of exactly what occurred should he later seek clarification from you. You should be able to inform the Referee of the players involved and give a brief description of the incident.
• There may be occasions when the referee acknowledges your signal but chooses not to act upon it. Under these circumstances you should lower your flag immediately, regain your position, and be ready for the next phase of play. A Referee will normally only do this on occasions, when in his opinion, it will benefit the game. Such occasions could usefully be discussed in the dressing room to verify the circumstances. Do not allow it to affect your co-operation with the Referee in the game.
• It is essential that, having completed the pre-match ceremony you move on to the correct patrol path as indicated in the referee’s pre-match instructions. In order that you are able to give accurate information to the Referee from the start of play, you should take up a position in line with the second rear most defending player. The only times that you will vary from this position will have been detailed in the instructions of the Referee and discussed in the dressing room prior to the start of the game.
• The Technical Area has been defined so that team officials may offer advice to their own players. This should return to their place immediately afterwards. Different team officials may give tactical instructions during the match provided the person returns to his position after giving these instructions. It is the duty of the Assistant Referee closest to the Technical Area to ensure that it is used for that purpose only. As an Assistant Referee, you should use your management skills to ensure that team officials comply with the spirit of the law. In the early stages of your career there may be no defined Technical Area but it is still your responsibility to ensure that the club representatives conduct themselves in an acceptable manner at all times.

At all times it is important to ASSIST not INSIST

5. TALKING TO PLAYERS:                          Go to top of this page

The following are some points to bear in mind when talking to players. During the game, if you talk to the players throughout the match, it helps on fouls and game management. When a player is taking a corner kick and he hears the Assistant Referee say, "OK, you can take the kick now", or Nice ball control on the last attack. Make sure you're careful when you're tapping his ankles like that," the player knows that the Assistant Referee is watching the game and noticed his latest attempt to "cheat." The same is true when the Assistant Referee offers comments whilst play is in action such as, "Be careful...watch the arms...good job gentlemen etc." The Assistant Referee is simply letting the players know that he is in the game as much as they are.

• Do not involve yourself with players unless you have to. Just say "Get on with it". Never swear at anyone.
• Avoid eye contact with frustrated players.
• Keep your feelings to yourself and always be polite.
• Looking away, and running to a new position is usually the best way to ignore comments. But do not ignore comments that require disciplinary action by the Referee.
• Assistant Referee should be able to say anything to the players to keep them in the game; except phrases to do with advantage. Do not say or indicate ‘Play on’ or ‘Advantage’ to players. Leave this to the Referee.
• Let players know where to place ball during a free kick, or where to stand during a throw-in. Talk to them.
• If there is a melee of fighting players, you may need to enter the filed of play in accordance with the Referee's pre-match instruction, and stand near to mentally note who is doing what. In these situations, you will be the Referee's extra pair of eyes.
• The Referee should act swiftly and positively, when players berate the Assistant Referee.
• Try and keep your sense of humour at all times. And smile.
• Use your body language to help calm down situations when you are talking to players. Use your hands to indicate a calming motion with both palms facing down. The combination of your voice, gestures and good eye contact can help defuse difficult situations. 

6. PENALTIES, WERE TO STAND:                  Go to top of this page

The following are some points consider during the taking of penalty kicks.

• The position for an Assistant Referee, is as a 'goal judge' - on or near the goal line.  At the point where the penalty area line joins the goal line.
  
• Do not flag, but stand still if you see an infringement during the taking of a penalty (e.g. if the goalkeeper moves off his goal line before the ball has been kicked and a goal is prevented). Staying still and using body language tells the Referee that you have seen an infringement and that you wish to speak to him. Run back to the touchline if you are happy with the penalty - this body language tells the Referee that you (the Assistant Referee) are happy that a goal was scored correctly from the penalty kick. (But - do not run back to the touchline, if the Referee indicates that the penalty kick must be retaken).
  
• Be prepared to take details in penalty shootouts at the end of a game. You will be asked to be either a goal judge or to note and organise the players from within the centre circle.
  
• Goalkeeper's must stay on goal line before the ball has been kicked during the taking of a penalty, but they can travel or move along the goal line.
  
  
  
  Kicks from the Penalty Mark: (see my Kicks from the Penalty Mark page for full details).

  
  

• When a team finishes the match with a greater number of players than their opponents, they shall reduce their numbers to equate with that of their opponents and inform the Referee of the name and number of each player excluded. The team captain has this responsibility.
  
• Before the start of kicks from the penalty mark the Referee shall ensure that only an equal number of players from each team remain within the centre circle and they shall take the kicks

   

  Reason:

  This arrangement for kicks from the penalty mark is applied at the end of play when one team has fewer players on the field of play than the other because of expulsion or injury and all eligible substitutes have been used.

  The team with more players must reduce their number of players to equate with the other team. This is to avert the following situation when, all the players in the team with fewer players have taken their kicks. In the past, the team with the fewer players were allowed to chose one of their players who had already taken a kick - and of course they would always chose their most skilful penalty kick taker. This gave them an unfair advantage over the team with the full quota of players.

  The team captain is responsible for informing the Referee of the name and number of the player(s) who will not take kicks from the penalty mark. i.e the player who is nominated to leave the field of play to balance the numbers of both teams.

Below is a template to use when noting the results during a penalty shoot-out. For those of you who have Microsoft Office 97 PowerPoint or higher, you can download a WinZip file by clicking here and print off copies of my 'Penalty Shoot Out' card yourself. They are constructed to fit into the normal size Referee wallets.

Those of you who do not have the appropriate software can just print off the copy shown on the  Penalty Shoot-out Card design page of this web site - it works just as well ! Or design your own. I have used my design on many occasions, and it is certainly better that having to write on a blank piece of paper.

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7. MISCONDUCT:                                 Go to top of this page

• A Foul or a Penalty.
  
• Verbal misconduct.
  
• Physical Misconduct, spiting, fighting, striking etc.
  
• Hand Gestures ( = Offensive/Abusive Language)
  The Referee usually acts on your advice.

Before an Assistant Referee flags or indicates a foul, he needs to take account of how the Referee is handling the match. The Referee may have already asked the Assistant Referees during his pre-match brief, to give him (the Referee) the first 'bite' when a penalty incident occurs. Eye contact between the officials is important in such circumstances.

An Assistant Referee is very often nearer and has a better view of an offence than the Referee.

Players and the crowd regard Assistant Referees' as an easy target to abuse.
(See my story Turn a Deaf Ear).

• An Assistant Referee must let the Referee actually deal with any misconduct.
  
• The ‘Bench’ or Technical Area  will probably be the biggest problem an Assistant Referee will have. Bring any misconduct incidents to the Referee’s attention.
  
• Run to meet the Referee in the centre of the Field of Play at the end of both halves. This strengthens the security of all the 3 officials as they make their way to the changing rooms.
  
• Report any misconduct by Club officials.
  
• Talk to players who are not not retreating the required distance during free kicks near you.
  
• An Assistant Referee is the Referee’s eyes when the Referee is dealing with other incidents such as an injury, disciplining a player or a dealing with a free kick during the game. Keep your eyes on the players and not in your note book or on the crowd.
  
• Be vigilant when the ball is out of play.
  
• Enter the field of play, where practicable, to help control the 10 yard (9.15m) distance during the taking of free kicks.
  
• Control Substitutes and trainers and injured players coming onto the field of play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted.
  
• Arrive early to allow the Referee to brief you on what he expects you to do during the game.

8. COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE REFEREE:         Go to top of this page

There are many types of signals, subtly interchanged between the Referee and the Assistant Referee during every game. For example, eye-contact and discreet hand signals from an Assistant Referee is helpful in passing information to a Referee e.g. type of offence, next action etc. This would reduce the need for the Referee to come across to the Assistant Referee for consultation. The Referee lays down the types of signals to be used in a game, during his pre-match brief to his Assistant Referees. Some of the commonly used communications are listed below; many of which are delivered without the players even knowing. 

Body Language: Body language signalling (in conjunction with flag signalling) is a technique that has successfully been used for many years by Assistant Referees to indicate decisions to the Referee.

The added benefit of using body language (as opposed to flag signalling in certain situations) is that they are not recognised by the players, thus allowing the Referee to change the decision given by the Assistant, without the Assistant losing face. For example:

A body at right angles to the field of play, adjacent to the goal area line, and facing up towards the halfway line with the flag visible field side, horizontally held down the leg, tells the Referee that a goal kick is required. 

An Assistant Referee can communicate a corner kick, by running around the outside of the corner flag, and along the goal line for a few metres, and then standing still. No flag signalling has been used in this manoeuvre, but it clearly indicates a corner kick decision to the Referee. If the Referee has seen something that contradicts this decision (for example, the ball actually deflected off an attacking player), the Referee can quickly award a goal kick. The Assistant Referee will then step back onto the touchline to take up the body language goal kick position mentioned above, without any of the players recognising any discord between the match officials. 

There are many benefits to be had using body language techniques, as shown in the example immediately above; body language signals prevent unnecessary conflict of simultaneous and opposing signals being delivered by the Assistant Referee and the Referee.

Nevertheless, modern communication methods generally encourage the use of flag signalling, as opposed to the body language (goal kick, and corner kick) methods shown above. 

Direction Signal: In conjunction with the flag, a discrete hand direction signal can indicate to the Referee which side is entitled to a free kick. When an Assistant Referee is unsure which way to award a throw-in, the Referee will guide the Assistant by subtly indicating the direction with a finger or hand; thus enabling the Assistant and the Referee to signal in the same direction. This technique relies on efficient eye contact, and is essential to maintaining teamwork and credibility. On very tight decisions, when the ball stays in play, a discreet hand signal by the Assistant Referee could give valuable support to the Referee.

Eye Contact: Movement of the eyes can subtly indicate a free kick direction to the Referee. Regular eye contact also allows the Assistant Referees' and the Referee to bond and feel part of the officiating team; thus building up a friendly rapport. Prior to making a decision, the Assistant Referee should always try and make eye contact with the Referee; this helps to synchronise signalling, and to check that the Referee is not about to make an opposite decision. Perfecting regular eye contact is a difficult art to achieve, as the Assistant Referee is also expected to monitor offside, keep a check on the touchline, technical area and players on the field of play all at the same time! Nevertheless, maintaining regular periodic eye contact is the most important communication tool used between the Referee and his Assistants.

Flag Waving: The flag is used to indicate many options as laid down in the Laws of Associated Football. It is important for the Assistant Referee to always hold the flag on the field side and to show as much area of the flag material as possible; this makes it easier for the Referee to locate the Assistant Referee, and to quickly decipher the flag signals when they are delivered. This involves the Assistant Referee switching hands whenever he changes his direction of movement so that the flag is visible to the Referee at any time.
Whenever an Assistant Referee signals the ball out of the field of play (even if players continue to play the ball) the signal must be retained until acknowledged by the Referee taking action. When a flag is raised for Law 12 offences, it should be unfurled and waved to distinguish it from the signal for offside.

Goal Scored: To confirm a valid goal has been scored, an Assistant Referee should display clear movement down the touchline towards the centre line. In borderline cases, this movement should be clear (sprint) to be recognised by the Referee. To confirm a goal, the Assistant Referee should not raise his flag. If in his opinion a goal has not been scored correctly, the Assistant Referee should stand still, retaining any signal already given. The Referee may then choose to consult further if he needs additional guidance.

Hand Indications: Subtle movements of the hand can indicate to the Referee that an Assistant has seen a deliberate handball, or an illegal shirt pull (tugging gesture), push or pull by a player. A waving (from side to side) of a lowered palm can also indicate that no offence has occurred. In general, Assistant Referees should not use their hands or arms to indicate to players that an offside has not occurred, or to encourage an advantage. These signals are the prerogative of the Referee, and any duplication by the Assistant will lead to confusion and trouble.

Miming words: Assistant Referees can mime words to the Referee - for example "No" to indicate that a player was not in an offside position, or "Yellow" to indicate an agreement with a Referee's caution. Care must be taken with this technique, as players can also see this communication. This problem is exasperated during televised games, where cameras have been known to pan in with great success, in recognising exactly what is being mimed (or spoken) between the match officials. Hence, this is the reason why match officials (and also managers) sometimes cover their mouths with their hands whilst talking in televised games.

Nod/Shake of the Head: Used to indicate agreement with a decision, or an incident; for example, after a goal has been allowed by the Referee or the award of a penalty kick or to inform the Referee that a shout for 'HANBALL' by players, was misguided.

Penalty Awards: Where a Referee seeks guidance from an Assistant Referee concerning the exact location of an offence near the boundary of the penalty area, the action of the Assistant Referee should be as follows:

a. If the offence is inside the penalty area - the assistant referee moves visibly down the touchline towards the corner flag.

b. If the offence is outside the penalty area - the Assistant Referee stands still having moved to be in line with the edge of the penalty area.

Stepping onto the Field of Play: When a serious incident has occurred outside of the Referee's vision, one method to attract the Referee's attention is for the Assistant Referee to visibly step onto the field of play (either waving the flag up high, or not). This clearly indicates to the Referee that the Assistant urgently wishes to talk to the Referee to impart some information. This stance will generally be maintained until the Referee is made aware. Once the Referee has acknowledged the gesture, the Assistant Referee can bring the fingers up to the mouth to clearly indicate that a discussion needs to take place between the match officials. During consultation, the Assistant Referee and Referee should both face the field of play. It is usually appropriate to avoid the consultation being heard or understood by others.

Thumbs Up/Down: This is used by the Assistant Referee (and the Referee) to indicate agreement with a decision, or an incident, or as a regular friendly encouragement between the three officials. 

Time Down signal: The Assistant Referee uses fingers outstretched downwards along the outside of the shorts or on the shirt to indicate to the Referee 1,2,3,4, or 5 minutes remaining in the half. This reminds the Referee, of the remaining time so that the Referee can double-check his own watch! 

Time Out: In conjunction with the 'Time Down signal above, the Assistant Referee can use the clenched fist, either across the chest or down the side of the shorts to indicate to the Referee that 45 minutes have expired.

9. THE REFEREE'S DIAGONAL:                Go to top of this page

For a full description of all of the Referee positions on a field of play -  see my Positions web page.

Positioning at the higher levels involves many more factors for consideration. The players are fitter, and large crowds may be involved. The coaches and the managers are more experienced, and it will take greater skill to keep them under control. The players themselves have a finical pressure to do well. Players retain possession of the ball for longer periods, and they are expert at getting all they can out of the Referee. Some of the players have more experience at their playing level than the Referee. In these higher levels of football, players are invariably much more fitter (and younger) than Referees. It is therefore important when making a step up the Refereeing ladder, to increase your fitness levels in order to keep up with the players you are expected to referee! Running a strict diagonal system is a good foundation for Referees to learn the basics of positioning on the field of play. It allows the Referee to utilise his Assistant Referees (and Club Linesmen) without having to think too much about positioning. And on most occasions, the Referee is in the right place at the right time.

To increase credibility of decisions, and to maintain your authority and control, a Referee officiating in the higher levels will need to move away from a strict diagonal pattern, and adopt what is known as a 'Flexible Control Path'. Here, Referees need to be much closer to the play action and have a good line-of-sight during all incidents occurring on the field of play. One of the 'tricks of the trade' is to make better use the 'DEAD BALL TIME', by moving more quickly into a new position. This will give you a much greater advantage when making decisions in the next phase drop zone or play area.

If play has stopped, (or you stop play), there is no need to hang around when there is no trouble brewing. MAKE your decision and BREAK away to a new position. This will minimise dissent and allow you to position yourself much quicker in the next anticipated phase of play area. Have breather when you get there. MAKE & BREAK

If you anticipate that there may be potential trouble after stopping play for a foul (or after the ball has naturally gone out of play) - then MAKE your decision and TAKE responsibility for sorting it out. In these cases, you will need to sprint to the trouble spot .The faster you can get there - the less trouble you will have to contend with. When restarting play, advise the players to await your whistle signal. This will allow you time to sprint to your new position - thus controlling the game on your terms when it really matters. MAKE & TAKE.

If the ball is hoisted long up the field, don't necessarily run along your diagonal, but try and get as far forward as you can - taking the shortest route. This can on occasions mean running out wide towards the touchline, in order to keep play between yourself an your Assistant Referee. Rely more on your experienced Assistant Referees - there is normally no need to get close if play is towards the corner near an Assistant Referee. Try to anticipate where the ball might go next. Holding back a little will allow you to quickly move wide, should a cross come in from the corner. Try and keep out of the centre circle at all times, unless you use it as the shortest route from A to B.

Thinking ahead to anticipate play also helps. When you make a decision to run out wide, ask yourself what you would do if the ball suddenly goes far into the other half. This will allow you to react faster when you need a sharp change of direction! In other words, don't just think about reaching your current new position - plan an escape route.

Running diagonals with Club Linesmen is totally different to running diagonals with Assistant Referees. The Referee with Club Linesmen will need to judge the capabilities of both his Club Linesmen. For example, if one of the Club Linesmen is of the breed "Wellington boots, fag in mouth, pace of a snail, has not got a clue about offside etc" and the other Club Linesman is of the breed "I am a Registered Referee and have been Refereeing 20 years" and he can run and signal better than you can! etc. etc. Then the Referee can adjust his diagonal to apply more emphasis on being nearer the ‘fag in mouth’ half of the field of play. Thus giving more responsibility to the more experienced Club Linesman. This enables the Referee to make most of the ‘fag end’ decisions himself, and quickly correct the wrong decisions of the snail! Every game is different - it is all a case of balancing the amount of usefulness you can get out of each Club Linesman. In general, I find Club Linesmen to be excellent – some of then are even better than proper Assistants that I have come across. If this is the case, I always try and persuade them to take up the whistle, and have been successful on many occasions. The strange thing, is that some of them quickly pass you on the promotion ladder and leave you well behind! But good luck to them (webmaster).

The majority of British Referees ask their Assistant Referees to run right wings, and this is confirmed by the worn out areas of grass along each of the right wing touchlines. Sir Stanley Rous (president of FIFA 1934) introduced the diagonal system of control for Referees, and up until the late 1980's it was expected that Referees would alternate their Assistant Referees in each half. But around this time FIFA agreed that the Referee should be allowed to run whichever diagonal he was more comfortable with, and so now, an Assistant Referee will more than likely stay in the same position throughout the match.  (Acknowledgement to The Sutton Referees Society for the above paragraph  information.)

10: INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASSISTANTS (UEFA):           Go to top of this page

Source UEFA Training Ground Site

Assistant referee instructions Thursday 12 September 2002

Attention is drawn to the following decisions made at the 2nd UEFA Seminar for international assistant referees for the benefit of international football in Europe by adopting a standard approach in the performances of assistant referees. The decisions include those made in the 1st seminar, modified as appropriate together with additions in bold.

It was felt that these practices will reinforce the uniform interpretation and application of the Laws of the Game.

Offside

1. It was noted that there had been no changes in the offside law for the season 2002/03, nor any extra IFAB or FIFA directives.

2. If an assistant referee is not totally sure about an offside offence the flag should not be raised (i.e. in case of doubt benefit must be given to the attacking team).

3. In deciding whether an attacking payer is nearer to the opponent's goal line than the second last defender, consideration should be given to the position of the attacker’s feet and body in respect to that of the second last defender. ("Air space" or similar misleading phrases should not be used by instructors, but instructors should emphasise that assistant referees must be sure that the attacker is nearer to the goal line than the second last defender).

4. To ensure correct judgement of offside offences, an assistant referee should not raise the flag before considering the following criteria, so called "wait and see" technique:
a. Movement of the ball (direction, speed, distance, any deflection, etc.)
b. Involvement of the player in active play by:
· interfering with play or
· interfering with an opponent or
· gaining an advantage.
It is better to be slightly late and correct, than to be too quick and wrong.

5. If a flag signal for offside is given and is not seen immediately by the referee; the assistant referee must keep signalling until it has been recognised or the ball is clearly in control of the defending team (the electronic beep signal is used to alert the referee to the flag signal).

6. For very tight judgements where an Assistant Referee decides "not offside" (or the ball has not gone out of the field of play) a discreet hand signal may give valuable support to the Referee when the Referee makes eye-contact. 

7. Whenever the ball leaves the field of play, the flag signal of the assistant referee should show clearly the correct restart and direction. In clear throw-in situations, the assistant referee can directly show the direction (along the whole touch line). But if he has any doubt about the direction, the assistant referee should simply raise his flag, make eye contact with the referee and follow the referee's signal. On very tight decisions, when the ball stays in play, a discreet hand signal could give valuable support to the referee.

8. Whenever an assistant referee signals the ball out of the field of play (even if players continue to play the ball) he must retain the signal until acknowledged by the referee taking action.

9. When the ball enters a goal:
To confirm a valid goal has been scored, an assistant referee should display clear movement down the touchline towards the centre line. In borderline cases, this movement should be clear (sprint) to be recognised by the referee. To confirm a goal, the assistant referee should not raise his flag. If in his opinion a goal has not been scored correctly, the assistant referee should stand still, retaining any signal already given. The referee may then choose to consult further if he needs additional guidance.

Offences

10. An assistant referee must use a raised flag signal to advise the referee that he has seen a foul committed (or unsporting behaviour or violent conduct) when he is better positioned than the referee and the referee has not clearly acted on the offence. If the assistant referee has additional information, concerning the offence, he wishes to give to the referee or if the referee has not seen his flag signal the electronic beep signal should be used, but only to supplement the flag signal already given.

It was agreed that such action by an assistant referee will be taken for all appropriate offences including those committed inside the penalty area. Additionally it was agreed that there was benefit in the assistant referee being seen to be aware and signalling for any offence in his immediate vicinity and this practice is recommended. When a flag is raised for Law 12 offences, it should be unfurled and waved to distinguish from the signal for offside.

11. If a flag signal for any offence is not seen immediately by the referee, the assistant referee must keep signalling until he is acknowledged by the referee or he recognises a clear advantage to the team against which the offence has been committed.

12. It was recognised that eye-contact and discreet hand signals from an assistant referee maybe helpful in passing information to a referee e.g. type of offence, next action etc. This would reduce the need for him to come across to the assistant referee for consultation.

Where direct consultation is necessary between the referee and assistant referee, the information should include, as concisely as possible, what happened, which players were involved, the precise location, recommended action and the re-start of play. It is recommended that in such cases the assistant referee advances towards the referee by four to five metres.

During consultation, the assistant referee and referee should both face the field of play. It is usually appropriate to avoid the consultation being heard or understood by others.

13. Offences of violent conduct seen and signalled by an assistant referee must be acted upon in accordance with the Laws of the Game by the referee. If play has been stopped for the disciplinary action (even if the signal has not been seen immediately and play has continued), the restart must also be in accordance with the Laws (free kick / penalty kick). However, if the assistant referee's signal is not seen immediately and play has been restarted for a subsequent situation only the appropriate disciplinary action can be taken against the offending player.

14. Where a referee seeks guidance from an assistant referee concerning the exact location of an offence near the boundary of the penalty area the action of the assistant referee should be as follows:
a. If the offence is inside the penalty area – the assistant referee moves visibly down the touchline towards the corner flag.
b. If the offence is outside the penalty area – the assistant referee stands still having moved to be in line with the edge of the penalty area.

Obvious incorrect decision of the referee
15. If an assistant referee knows that a referee has made an obvious disciplinary error (e.g. two yellow cards to the same player without sending him off, red or yellow card to the wrong player, player kicked the ball twice at free kick, etc.) he must intervene immediately (flag and beep or even enter the field of play). The other assistant referee (or 4th official) should if necessary, also assist in such case.

Control of the 9.15m distance
16. When a referee chooses to use the help of an assistant referee on the field of play to control the 9.15m distance from the ball at free-kick, it is recommended that the assistant referee does not physically measure the 9.15m but rather asserts his control from the position of the ball. This exceptional on field involvement of the assistant referee is recommended only for free kicks very near the touchline.

Positioning 
Free kick close to the penalty area
17. At free-kicks close to the penalty area, the assistant referee should position himself in line with the second last defender (controlling the offside), but also with awareness of the goal line. The referee should control the ball and the wall. 

After an offside
18. When possible an assistant referee, after a free kick for offside has been given, should position himself in line with the spot where the ball should be positioned to restart the game. He should then immediately take up a position to control the offside line (level with the second-last defender), which is his priority. This priority was re-emphasised in the seminar.

Goal kick and goal clearance
19. For goal kicks and when the goalkeeper is in possession of the ball inside his own penalty area, it is advised that the assistant occasionally checks that the ball is correctly positioned or that the goalkeeper does not cross the 16 metre line before releasing the ball from his hands. This should be done in convenient situations (e.g. second last defender near the penalty area). Control of offside from subsequent play is the priority concern. 
This priority was re-emphasised in the seminar.

Corner kick
20. For corner kicks, it is recommended that the assistant involved takes a position behind the flag in line with the goal line. 

Penalty kick
21. When a penalty kick is awarded during the normal course of play, the assistant should be on the goal line where it meets the penalty area boundary line.

22. For kicks from the penalty mark to determine the winner of a match, one assistant should be positioned on the goal line where it meets the goal area boundary line, with the other assistant controlling the players within the centre circle. 

Substitution
23. It was decided that when substitutions take place, they shall be supervised by the fourth official in co-operation with the referee. The assistant referee does not need to move to the halfway line.

Flag technique
24. It is recommended that an assistant referee holds the flag in his hand nearest to the field of play by switching hands whenever he changes his direction of movement so that the flag is visible to the referee at any time. It is suggested to the associations to instruct new assistant referees in this way, however this technique is not compulsory for experienced assistant referees.
The referee observer shall continue to assess the performance of the assistant referee according to the accuracy of his decisions.

UEFA 
Referees Committee 
September  2002

11. Self Evaluation List for Assistant Referees:                Go to top of this page

Did I?

1. Thoroughly prepare myself for my role as an assistant referee?
2. Arrive at the ground at or before the prescribed time?
3. Ensure all my equipment including flags was clean and serviceable?
4. Adopt a friendly and fully co-operative attitude towards colleagues?
5. Listen carefully to the referee’s pre-match instructions?
6. Clarify any uncertainties arising from the pre-match briefing?
7. Take all the necessary equipment with me on to the field of play?
8. Enter the field of play in a smart and confident manner?
9. Thoroughly carry out any pre-match duties required by the referee?
10. Take up the required position at the start of play?
11. Take up the appropriate position for corner kicks, goal kicks, throws-in, penalty kicks?
12. Follow the ball towards the goal line at long range goal-scoring attempts or when long passes
were made and move quickly to act as ‘goal judge’ when the need arose?
13. Remain alert to possible repositioning signals from the referee at certain restarts?
14. When a goal was scored, correctly proceed swiftly towards the halfway line, maintaining a clear view of subsequent developments?
15. Unless other duties required it, maintain my position in line with the second rear most defending player?
16. Correctly judge offside offences?
17. Carry the flag unfurled and towards the field of play when I had no advice to offer to the referee?
18. Pass the flag from hand to hand before raising it in the air?
19. Avoid incorrect signalling technique, by ensuring the flag was in the correct hand before signalling?
20. Hold the flag aloft until the referee acknowledged my signal?
21. Use only the recommended flag signals?
22. Only use the flag when necessary?
23. Avoid using my free hand/arm as an indication to the referee?
24. Have an awareness of the referee at all times during the game so that eye contact was achieved when necessary?
25. Only signal when the referee was in a position to see and act upon it?
26. Remember not to anticipate the ball out of play and incorrectly signal?
27. Remember to confirm the time remaining with the referee, if requested?
28. Communicate effectively with players to ensure their co-operation when appropriate?
29. Ensure that substitutions were carried out in accordance with law?
30. Effectively communicate with personnel in the Technical Area?
31. Avoid being distracted by remarks by spectators?
32. Communicate clearly with spectators to keep my touchline clear of obstructions throughout the game?
33. Accurately record match information as requested by the referee?
34. Convey concise and accurate information on incidents either at the request of the referee, or unseen by him?
35. Adhere to the correct procedure when leaving the field of play?
36. Adopt a positive supportive attitude at all times during the game?
37. Take the opportunity to discuss aspects of my performance with the other members of the team?
38. Give accurate information confirming misconduct or match incidents to the referee in the dressing room at half time or after the game?
39. Leave the ground feeling I had been totally supportive of the referee at all times?

12. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:               Go to top of this page

Question 1: When the ball went out of play, the Assistant Referee pointed his flag one way, and the Referee pointed his arm the in the opposite direction. Even though the Assistant Referee pointed his flag in the correct direction, as soon as he noticed the Referee pointing the other way, he immediately lowered his flag. Why can't the Assistant Referee 'stick to his guns' and overrule the Referee?

Answer 1: During his pre-match brief to his Assistant Referees, the Referee will have already instructed his colleagues what to do, should they point opposite ways to him during throw-ins. The general briefing is for the Assistant Referees to immediately lower their flag - the Referee controls the game, and his decision in play is always final. It does not matter whether the Assistant Referee or the Referee's decision was correct in indicating their direction. The important thing is to show unity, because it does no good, for match officials to have public disagreements during the game. If the Assistant Referee thinks that the Referee is making too many wrong calls, then this should be discussed with the Referee at half time or after the end of the game. Although players will make a big issue about such occurrences, Referees are only human, and will sometimes make mistakes in the direction a throw-in etc. It can be very difficult on occasions for Assistant Referees to see exactly which player the ball last touched before it crossed the touchline. Match officials should not have any 'hang-ups' about whether they think their decision is right or is wrong. The main thing, is they should all be strong and positive, because if they show any weakness, the players will be sure to provoke them further.

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Question 2: Is there a correct way to execute flag signals?

Answer 2: Yes. I believe that the Assistant Referee role is more difficult and more taxing than the Referee. Flag-signalling is the Assistant Referees' main tool for communication. Using the flag is an 'art in itself' that is not normally taught properly to our newly qualified Referees. It can also be very difficult for 'mature' Referees to change old flag habits. See my Referees' Signals page for graphic flag signals. The FIFA Law book also shows correct flag signals in picture form.

Here are some Assistant Referee tips for good 'flagging'!

(a) Learn to change hands when holding the flag. Keep the flag unfurled at full length so that it is always facing the field of play. This is especially important during floodlight evening games where it can be difficult for the Referee to see the Assistant Referees clearly. This will involve switching hands when you change your running direction along the touchline - after a while, you will find that you are switching hands automatically. A good Assistant Referee will always swap hands, thereby keeping the maximum flag area visible towards the field of play and the Referee at all times.

(b) When signalling for a throw-in, just snap your flag 45 degrees in the direction that the throw is to be taken. There is no need to keep waving the flag as though you were conversing in semaphore with the Referee. Some Assistant Referees prefer to raise the flag vertically to indicate that the ball has travelled over the touchline, and then immediately drop it to 45 degrees in the direction of the throw. Assistant Referees should move the flag from hand to hand when their arms were down, and not when the flag is above their head. Another method during the throw-in flag signal, is to 'snap' the flag in the correct hand straight up vertically at first, thus indicating to the centre Referee that the ball has gone out of play (this also gives the Assistant Referee time to make eye contact with the centre Referee. And then bring it down on the correct side to a 45 degree angle, pointing towards the direction of play for the team which has the right to throw the ball in.

(c) Unless the Referee had briefed you differently, if the Referee signals the opposite way to you during a throw-in. Immediately drop your flag and remain stationary. The Referee has ultimate control of the game, and it is his decision that counts. Don't worry about whether you made the correct decision or not. If you leave your flag pointing in the opposite direction to that indicated by the Referee, you will increase the chances of abuse being throw in your direction. It also demeans the team work bond necessary between the match officials. This has been mentioned before.

(d) When running with the flag, keep it extended downwards and facing the field of play. Do not run along the touchline pumping your flag like the 'wheels of a steam train' - this will totally confuse the Referee and everyone else watching you.

(e) During 'set-piece' situations such as free kicks or penalties, and when the Referee is on the other side of the field of play, change your flag hand to allow the Referee the best possible view of your flag. The Referee will take up various positions during set plays. And will be looking to you (the Assistant Referee) to signal quickly for any infringements - make sure the Referee has the best possible view of your flag.

(f) Always take two sets of flags to matches. Flags can easily become damaged especially the wooden versions.

(g) If the Referee has missed your flag signal, raise it horizontally and wave it about a few times. This will make it easier for the Referee to see. As soon as he notices your flag signal, place it in the correct position depending on what you were originally 'flagging' for.

(h) If the Referee does not see your offside flag, leave it up until it is brought to his attention. If subsequent play falls to the advantage of the defending team, drop your flag as soon as practical and allow play to continue. Mention to the Referee (at half or full time) any flag signals that he (the Referee) has missed. The Referee will normally acknowledge his Assistant Referee during play, if he (the Referee) wishes to keep play going in such circumstances.

(i) During offsides, leave your offside flag signal in position until the defending player has acknowledged the exact position that the ball must be placed for the indirect free kick. Then move away quickly to your best position along the touchline.

(j) If your flag wraps itself around the flag stick when you are making a signal, try to unfurl the flag by moving the flag stick around in small circles. Try to always have the flag showing its full unfurled length.

(k) If you are not sure which way to give a throw-in -just raise your flag vertically, look towards the Referee, who should quickly notice your predicament. The Referee should help you out and make the decision for you, by indicating the direction with his hand/arm. It can sometimes be impossible, especially when the ball is very near to you, to see which player the ball last touched before crossing the touchline. Good eye contact with the Referee is essential during such instances. A good Referee will instantly recognise that your vertical flag indicates a throw-in, but that you (the Assistant Referee) are not sure which direction it should be taken.

(l) When was the last time that you actually checked your flags to see if they are fully serviceable - do it now!

(m) There is no excuse for dirty flags! Make sure they are clean before each match.

(n) One subtle trick sometimes agreed between match officials, is for the Assistant Referee to discretely point to either the yellow or red flag square (yellow card or red card?) to indicate the severity of an offence to the Referee - although I would not be too happy about using this method myself. If this subtle signal is noticed by players and then the Referee decides to take alternative action, it could lead to problems. For example, if the Assistant Referee flags for a foul and then points to the red square to indicate to the Referee that he (the Assistant) believes the foul warrants a red card - but the Referee then decides to only issue a yellow card - if the subtle signal is spotted by an opposing player, then that player could challenge the inconsistency of both the Referee and his Assistant. Good signal - but if used, it must be used carefully and very discretely.

These are just a few tips - if you have any more. me and I will post them here on this page.

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Question 3: What can an Assistant Referee do about spectators or officials who always argue against decisions, or sit too close to the touchline, or even on the field of play itself.

Answer 3: It's best to just ignore most foolish comments and concentrate on the game. If spectators are interfering with the game by being too close to the touchline, or encroaching onto the field of play itself, then ask them to move back. If they continually encroach even after your instructions to them - bring this to the attention of the Referee. He will them sort it out for you. If you (the Assistant Referee) need to talk to parents, officials or substitutes for whatever reason, do it in a calm but stern voice - you will get much further than if you yell or get upset with them (it takes two to argue, so make sure you are not one of them!). Always keep control of your emotions - even though this can be very difficult at times.

Question 4: Is the use of microphones and ear pieces such a good thing for match officials?

Answer 4: I suppose there is some potential for improving communications between match officials. I'm not in favour of any technology being used myself. Microphones and ear pieces were experimented with during most of the 1999/2000 season here in England, it lasted a while, but match officials now generally do without them. Referees with their ears taped-up, and Assistants talking to their flags made them vulnerable to even more ridicule. I believe that technology needs to advance further to make such methods less intrusive and more comfortable and efficient  for the users. Referees were very often seen adjusting their tapped ear pieces - and this can only detract from the Referees main task of concentrating on the game itself. The buzzing armband seems to still work OK. During offsides, the Assistant Referee presses a button on his flag stick, that in turn vibrates a concealed armband on the Referees arm.

Before long, we will have remote controls that can be passed out to allow spectators control of the Referee himself!! Whatever next ?????????????

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Question 5: What is the best position for the Referee and the Assistant Referee to take during free kicks near the penalty areas?

Answer 5: It really depends on the individual Referee. He will have briefed his Assistant Referees on their respective positions. The normal position for the Referee to take, is wide of any defensive wall, or in a position to afford him the best angle to view the players and the goal line itself (in the likelihood of a goal being scored direct). The Referee should control the ball and any defensive wall. This can be done from any point, out wide, between the goal line and the position of the free kick. The Assistant Referee usually stands in line with the second last defender to watch for offside infringements -  but also with awareness of the goal line. I have seen Referees ask their Assistant, to be goal judge, and take a position down on the goal line near the corner flag - but this gives the Assistant Referee more distance to run if play quickly breaks back up field. The Referee should endeavour to keep the play (active area) between himself and his nearest Assistant Referee. This gives the Referee the best possible view, and allows him to see any flag signals. During such instances, match officials need to look out for several things: (a) Offside: (b) Encroachment: (c) Whether a goal has been scored or not: (d) Fouls.

The Referee will need to decide which of these things is the most important, and place himself and his Assistant Referee in the best strategic position to monitor proceedings..

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Question 6: Can an Assistant Referee indicate advantage or 'play-on'?

Answer 6: No. The Referee is the only match official who can indicate advantage. Assistant Referees should not indicate advantage. I have also seen Assistant Referees indicate 'play-on' by putting out their arm, following a supposed off-side that had not been given by that Assistant Referee. DO NOT SIGNAL. The Referee is the only one who can indicate 'play-on'. Imagine a situation following a foul, where the Assistant Referee uses an arm signal to indicate 'play-on 'and then a goal is scored which is subsequently disallowed because the Referee calls play back for the original foul and awards a free kick instead.

Phew!!! AS AN ASSISTANT REFEREE  -  DON'T INDICATE ADVANTAGE  -  PLEASE!

Question 7: I seem to recall that it is the Home team who is responsible for providing the Assistant Referees' or Club Assistants' flags?

Answer 7: There was mention of this in the Laws some years ago, but it is not stipulated now. However, few (if any) football clubs actually have their own flags, and when they do, they are virtually unusable. Referees now accept this responsibility.

Question 8: What levels of Referees are there in the United States?

Answer 8:

For the United Kingdom Referee Classifications, click here:

Question 9. Where in the Laws does it say an Assistant Referees' flags must be a bright vivid colour?

Answer 9. Advice on types of flags, was mentioned in the Laws until the 1997-1998 Season, when the complete rewrite of the Laws took this information out, along with  a number of other useful snippets of information.

Prior to 1996-1997 Law 6 'The Assistant Referee', was known as a 'Linesman', and the following is an extract from the old 1996-1997 Law 6 information:

"In International Matches, Assistant Referees' flags shall be of a vivid colour - bright reds and yellows. Such flags are recommended for all other matches.

There is no standard colour, so long as they are vivid colours. Luminous bright yellow and orange seem to be the favourite choice and are easy to see.

It was in 1891 when the Referee (who used to be stationed on the touchline) moved into the field of play to take charge of game. Prior to this, the two umpires who governed play on the field, used to wave a stick in the air to allow an appeal to be made by the captain. It was therefore, in 1891 onwards when the sticks became flags for the two linesmen (ex-umpires). Flags were also mentioned in 1896, in a column entitled 'Hints to Referees', in the first Referees' Chart (today known as the Laws of Association Football).
Ken Aston, on his return from military service in 1946, became the first League referee to wear the black uniform with white trim which became the standard for referees. The following year (1947) he introduced bright yellow linesmen's flags in place of the pennants in the colours of the home team, which had been used before.
In 1956, the following Decision of the International Board was added into the Laws. "In International Matches, Linesmen's flags shall be a vivid colour, bright reds and yellows. Such flags are recommended for use in all other matches".
These days, flags that are yellow or orange can be seen better by the Referee.

There is no official rule in the Laws of Associated Football to signify which single colour (red or yellow) a Senior Assistant Referee will have. But tradition in England, and in semi/pro games, signifies that the Assistant Referee with the red (or red-trimmed) flag is the Senior Assistant Referee. This also helps the Assessor to identify who is the Senior Assistant Referee. 

Using a standard traditional system makes it easier for Referees to officiate. It also helps players to recognise, which Assistant Referee is Senior.

The Assistant Referees' names are also sometimes listed in the match program with their particular flag, usually chequered or plain, red or yellow. This also makes it easer to identify them by name and seniority. 
Sometimes, the match day programme lists the Assistant Referees alphabetically, as well as which coloured flag each one will be holding. If this is the case, to aid identification, this should be adhered to.

Question 10: I am a Level 7 Referee in England, and am writing to ask your advice on 'running the line'. If when running the line, a ball crosses the goal line (for a goal) but the ball bounces out, how does the Assistant Referee flag for a goal, if the Referee is not placed to see that a goal has been scored? Does the Assistant Referee just raise his flag, or run back to the position he would take for a centre kick?

Answer 10: Normally, the Referee will (or should) give you specific instructions to cover this during the pre-match brief to his Assistant Referees. But invariably, this is not always included. If you watch the top class Referees on TV, you will see the Assistant Referee run back towards the halfway line when a goal has been scored. This is the normal method, and usually suffices. To confirm a valid goal has been scored, an Assistant Referee should display clear movement down the touchline towards the centre line.

In borderline cases, this movement should be a clear (sprint) to be recognised by the Referee. To confirm a goal, the Assistant Referee should not raise his flag. If in his opinion a goal has not been scored correctly, the Assistant Referee should stand still, retaining any signal already given. The Referee may then choose to consult further if he needs additional guidance.

(From the webmaster): Last season, whilst I was running a line, the ball was fired towards the goal, it hit the crossbar, ricocheted down, bounced just behind the goal line between the goal posts, and spun back into play. In other words, a goal was scored. I recognised that a goal was scored, and immediately started running back up the touchline towards the halfway line as I usually do. As I was running, I noticed that the confused Referee was looking towards me, and the players were still playing on. In other words the Referee had not blown for the goal. I tried putting my thumb up as a signal to show that a goal had been scored, but this only served to make the situation even more confused. So as you can see, this happens to us all!

When a goal has been scored, but the players and the Referee continue on with play, the best thing that the Assistant Referee can do, should be a clear (sprint) to be recognised by the Referee. If the Referee fails to recognise this, use the standard signal for gaining the Referees attention - by raising the flag and waving it vigorously in the air - and when the Referee's attention has been gained, point to the centre-mark - this should give the appropriate message to the Referee. If the Referee is still unsure he will (or should) stop play and come over to speak to you. You can then explain to him, that a goal has been scored. If it is an obvious goal, then sprinting towards the halfway line should suffice - but you will need to keep looking at the Referee to see that he has recognised the goal (eye contact is important in these types of situations.)

When the Referee gives his pre-match brief, if you have any areas that you are unsure of, ask him, and he will discuss with you, what he wants you to do. This seems like a good point for anyone to 'bring up' next time they run the line.

Many thanks to Kevin Boyle for the interesting question above -  (from the webmaster.)

Question 11: In Australia the Assistant Referees are trained to hold the flag in the hand of the direction the restart of play is to be taken. For example - if you're running the 'traditional line' i.e. left fullback side, for a goal kick or offside signal we hold it in the left hand (as the kick is awarded to the defence). Yet every Assistant Referee in the English Premier League signals these free kicks with their right hand!!
Are you taught differently over there or is it just an interpretation?

Answer 11: The reason why we teach Assistant Referees in the UK to hold the flag in the right hand (when positioned alongside the left back and awarding a goal kick) is twofold.

(a). As you know, it is paramount that the flag is always facing in towards the field of play so that the Referee can clearly see it. When a goal kick is awarded, and the Assistant Referee signals this with his flag, he is taught to face up towards the halfway line, and use the hand that is field-side (in this case, using the right hand) to hold his flag. During the pre-match brief, it is also common for Referees in the UK to instruct their Assistant Referees to use 'body language' to demonstrate a goal kick (or a corner kick). In other words, when the ball goes out for a goal kick, the Assistant Referee does not signal with his flag, but moves up the touchline adjacent and level to the long goal area line, and faces back up towards the halfway line, with the flag pointing downwards towards the ground, down along his (near-field) leg. This would mean using the right hand if the Assistant Referee is positioned alongside the left back. If there is any doubt when the ball leaves the field of play very near the corner flag where the (body-language) Assistant Referee is patrolling, the Assistant Referee WILL always use his flag to indicate a goal kick or a corner kick. This demonstrates to nearby players that the decision is final. The reason for using body language, is to allow the Referee a few moments to change his mind and award a corner kick instead of a goal kick. And the players would not be any the wiser! 

(b). Holding the flag in the right hand (when positioned alongside the left back and awarding a goal kick) ensures that the Assistant Referee faces up towards the halfway line in readiness, and will not have to change hands when sprinting to his new position back up the touchline after the goal kick has taken place.

There are several Countries where Assistant Referees still only use one hand. They are learning slowly!

Many thanks to Glen Watson from Australia for his interesting question (Webmaster).

Question 12 : If a Referee and two Assistant Referees are officiating in a game, can the Referee give an offside decision although not signalled by the Assistant Referee.

Answer 12: There are two factors to consider here – firstly, it is very important that the Referee and his Assistant Referees work as a team. Any weakness in the armour of this team will be picked up by players, managers and the crowd – and will have a negative affect on how the rest of the game develops. The Referee normally gives the Assistant Referees the responsibility of deciding ALL offside decisions.

Secondly, the Referee has a duty to "enforce the Laws of the Game". This is clearly stipulated in Law 5 (The Referee).

Therefore, the Referee needs to juggle these two factors in such a way as to minimise the inevitable damage that will occur to his control of the game.

The Referee has two options:

(a) Give the offside in accordance with his ‘duty’. (This will undermine the Assistant Referee and weaken his (the Referee’s) team’s credibility. An astute Assistant Referee will accept the decision made by the Referee, and quickly increase his performance to ensure that he does not miss any other offsides during the rest of the game. A less capable (or maybe new or young Assistant Referee) may take this as a personal ‘snub’ against his ability. This could negatively effect the rest of his (and the team’s) performance.

(b) The Referee could allow play to continue, and when the next suitable moment arises, have a quiet word with the Assistant Referee and encourage him to concentrate and work harder to improve his performance.

In other words, there is no one answer to your question. It relies very much on a number of varying factors at the time:

For example, if the Assistant Referee misses a blatant offside offence and the player who is offside immediately scores a goal, the Referee has a ‘duty’ to give the offside.

Why?

Because the result of not doing so, has an immediate, dramatic effect on the result of the game.

Take this example to the other extreme, and assume that the offside is near to the halfway line. If this occurs, the Referee can consider ‘damage limitation’. See (b) above.

Why?

Because the chances of a goal being scored because of a ‘dodgy’ offside decision near the halfway line, is minimal. AND – there is far more honesty to be gained from encouraging the Assistant Referee to improve his performance for the rest of the game.

Of course, there will be the very odd occasions when the Assistant Referee is totally useless. In such cases, the Referee can dispose of his services (Law 6 The Assistant Referee).

All this has to be decided in a blink of an eyelid.

Referee decision making during a game, is a fascinating and fraughtly complex area. Referees will approach, and deal with decision-making in their own individual ways, and will often rely on a combination of intuition and Law facts concerning play.

(Thanks to Mark Murphy for this interesting question).

Question 13: During a tournament, a more experienced, 'higher graded' Referee than myself, included pre-match instructions for cautionable offences that had been observed by either Assistant Referee out of sight of the Centre Referee. He instructed that he specifically wanted his Assistants to know that a cautionable offence had been committed (and what type of card was to be administered) by either touching your badge (yellow) or your back pocket (red). When it was my turn to run the middle (and after thinking about what the above Centre Referee had said, I decided that I would particularly mention to my Assistant Referees, that "I DID NOT" want any indication at all of cautions after (if and when) it became necessary to call me to the touchline. Which is the best method to use?

Answer 13: The practise of an Assistant Referee using a discrete signal to indicate a caution or a sending off to the Centre Referee can lead to difficulties if spotted by players. Such a signal is not required (and is used less and less in these days of the multi-camera!) – so why use it when it is no longer secret? The best way for the Centre Referee to work as a team with his Assistants, is to make any discussion about such instances in private. In other words, by going over to the Assistant and quietly discussing the incident with him. This leaves the Centre Referee with the option of making a final decision based on his AND the Assistant’s views. Using ‘open’ signals will only bring grief, especially to the Assistant who may have to bear the brunt of having his decision overruled by the Centre Referee. This allows for more peace and flexibility in the decision making process.

Even though the Referee was a 'higher graded' referee than yourself, it does not mean that his method is correct for you. Of course, when you are the Assistant Referee, and he is in the middle, you must abide by his instructions even though it may get you into trouble with the crowd!

It very much sounds like you have already thought this through properly, and come up with your own method. This is good, because it shows that you think and care about the game and how to make it easier for yourself to control.

Well done.

(Thanks to Kevin for this interesting question).

Question 14: A defender deliberately kicks the ball towards his own goalkeeper, who catches the ball with his hands in his goal area. The Assistant Referee notices the Referee placing the ball in the wrong position on the short goal area line for the taking of the free kick. What should the Assistant Referee do?

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